By

RTYYUUUIII

A Project

Submitted to the Faculty of D’Youville

Division of Academic Affairs

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science in Nursing

Buffalo, NY

[February 03, 2023]

Copyright © 2023 by ERTTYYYY. All rights reserved. No part of this project may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of TYUIOLKJJJJ.

2

Name:
__ ________Dr. UUUUUUUU_____________________

Signature: ___________________________________________

Discipline:
________________Nursing________________

Project Defended

On

[February 03, 2023]

Abstract

Obesity has become a significant concern in the healthcare system, and diet is the key contributing factor to obesity. Therefore, a healthy diet should be the primary requirement for reducing weight and improving overall health. The health life knowledge gap among patients and limited nursing education programs contribute to this condition. Nurses should collaborate closely with patients to provide healthcare education that will assist patients in improving their nutritional habits and identify the challenges they face in maintaining a healthy diet. An educational training program for nurses regarding obesity and diet will allow nurses to advance their knowledge of the risk factors of obesity, the health conditions associated with obesity, and how to manage obesity (Seger, 2019). Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory was utilized as the theoretical framework for this project. Five content experts reviewed the educational training program for content validity.

Table of Contents

Chapter

I. PROJECT INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………… 7

Statement of Purpose ……………………………………………………………………….. 8

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………………. 8

Initial Review of the Literature ………………………………………………………….12

Significance and Justification ……………………………………………………………19

Project Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………20

Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………………….. 20

Project Limitations ………………………………………………………………………… 21

Project Development Plan ………………………………………………………………. 22

Plan for Protection of Human Subjects …………………………………………….. 22

Plan for Project Evaluation……………………………………………………………… 23

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………………..

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………

III. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PLAN. ……………………………………………….

Project Setting and Population… ……………………………………………………..

Content Expert Participants …………………………………………………………….. Data Collection Methods …………………………………………………………………

Project Tools …………………………………………………………………………………

The Protection of Human Subjects ………………………………………………………

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………

IV. PROJECT EVALUATION, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

……………………………………………..

Project Evaluation ………………………………………………………………………….

Implications for Future Practice ……………………………………………………….

Future Recommendations ………………………………………………………………..

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………

References ……………………………………………………………………………………. 27

Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………… 32

Appendix

A D’Youville Patricia H. Garman School of Nursing Full Approval Letter

…………………….….

B Letter of Intent …………………………………………………………………………………….

C Evaluation Tool …………………………………………………………………………………..

D Educational Training Program …………………………………………………………

E Survey tool results in graph……………………………………………….

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The age of fast food and instant gratification brought about by the growth of technology has affected the general population in many ways. In America, obesity is becoming problematic, with a prevalence estimate of 41% leading to risk in the severity of diseases (Kalligeros et al., 2020). As a result, there is a need for nursing practice to take accountability in developing a relationship with collaborative patient care. Obesity can be a lifestyle disease. Therefore, all stakeholder participation must be considered a need to look at the four-metaparadigm perspectives in caregiving using a foundational basis in a theoretical framework. First, a nurse needs expertise in addressing health issues, especially those reversible through natural means, for example, obesity. Obesity is reversible through natural means, including dietary modification and practicing fasting (Balani et al., 2019).

One of the main factors that make successful result in patient with obesity is reversal patient recovery program which includes proper planning. Proper planning allows for allocating adequate time and resources toward the project, resulting in the successful implementation of the program (Shi, 2017). Another factor is incorporating experienced project managers with knowledge about the program. For example, specialists such as nutritionists and experts in physical activity and breastfeeding are essential when developing a program to improve nutrition in children and adults and minimize obesity. Finally, it is essential to practice monitoring and control for a program to succeed. Regular evaluation of the progress and the program results allows for modification and alignment in case of an error or a potential error—effective communication results in a program’s success (Ross et al., 2019).

Hildegard Peplau’s (1991)
Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory is utilized as the theoretical framework for developing this project. A brief overview of the theory is presented as well as a discussion regarding how the theory was utilized to guide the development of the project. In addition, Peplau’s (1991) theoretical definitions for nursing’s four metaparadigm concepts (nursing, health, person, and environment) as well as the Project Author’s operational definitions for nursing’s four metaparadigm concepts will be presented.

Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory

Hildegard E. Peplau’s impact on nursing and patient care is reflected in her development and establishment of the Interpersonal Relations Theory. Her theory development began with questions of the philosophical underpinning of psychology as fundamental in-patient care especially when it came to nursing and patient relationships (Peplau, 1991). According to Peplau (1991), the development of patient care begins by understanding the foundational elements as concepts of nursing care. namely, the
orientation, identification, exploitation, and
resolution defined. In her book,
Interpersonal Relations in Nursing, the theory emphasizes the importance of crosscutting issues and their effect on nursing care and patient wellness, such as nursing education on dietary interventions for patients with obesity.
Orientation refers to the reaction of the patient and the difference from one to another with consideration to resolve in treatment difficulty.
Exploitation on the other hand is the ability of the patient to recognize interpersonal relationships and use the services offered effectively. Lastly, there is a resolution that refers to the relinquishing of ties in the relationship as the patient utilizes the lesson learned to better manage their health (Peplau, 1991).

As a mother of nursing psychiatry, Peplau (1991) describes interpersonal relations as a conditional aspect that includes first the interaction of the nurse and patient. She points out that this is attained when understanding each patient’s condition is an experience that allows for improving nursing care (Peplau, 1991). Therefore, the focus in the definition of the theory begins with grasping the nurse and patient metaparadigm concepts as the interaction between patient and nurse makes the relationship personal. Similarly, considerable insights thus point out that the patient care process is personalized in a way that responsibility is both technical and emotional. Peplau (1991) explains that effective patient outcome delivery comes from trust in diagnostics and thus acceptance of health as an essential metaparadigm aspect. The theory focuses on developing the relationship between a nurse and a patient to emphasize trust and collaboration.

Based on Peplau (1991), the experience of establishing a connection between a nurse and a patient is an indicator of progress reporting and is the only source of data for patient experience information. Perception of the phenomena of patient information as instrumental to positive is highlighted as a primary measure of the direction of health. Based on the fact that health is described to be only a success when it moves in the positive direction, by looking at the patient with obesity this means loss of weight. At the same time, with the insistence on the sustainability of better health as the result being sought, there is direct evidence that the management of health, in the long run, is the better outcome for the patient in this project.

Peplau (1991) is supported by her in-depth analysis of the achievability of better health through utilitarian task alignment. Using communication as the necessary tool for the nurse to ensure that a patient attains a favorable outcome, as a theory, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory emphasizes the built-in interaction as a psychodynamic need. This need is important as it is directionally focused on relieving the patient’s anxiety and improving their confidence regardless of external and self-perceived variables. Centralization of goal setting for a patient with obesity is linked directly to the strengthening of the nurse-patient relationship as the best approach to attaining better health outcomes.

This theory is a perfect fit for this project as the relationship between the nurse and patient must be founded on trust so that information can be shared comfortably and with trusted support from nurses. A support system must be developed because obesity and the issues surrounding obesity may lead to decreased self-esteem and mental health issues. This theorist ideology will assist in identifying and orienting nurses to the causes of obesity, introducing a perfectly balanced diet with regular exercise, and finally producing solutions for diabetic prevention, a foundation that this theoretical framework supports.

Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory explains it as an input for developing positive outcomes and relinquishing the relationship with a support system that enhances positive outcomes Peplau (1991) . It is the promotion of health through appropriate methods and illness prevention by recognizing triggers for all patients. Therefore, the nurse can only facilitate treatment and not make a diagnosis; hence, the critical aspect is ensuring that the environment is conducive and that communication in the relationship with patients is constant. This means the nurse favors patients’ understanding of their issues by explaining the problem and the treatment plan. This includes a preventive measure to ensure informed decision-making is enhanced and thus a partnership that, in essence, is therapeutic.

As such, following Peplau’s underpinning of outpatient care for obese patients is ensuring that patient that individual preconceptions and mutual understanding of the nature of a medical issue allow for better collaboration toward a productive solution.

Literature Synopsis

The literature review has revealed that nurses are a support system that is considered instrumental in the reassurance of the patient both in an inpatient and outpatient setting. However, for an outpatient with obesity, the nurses are excellent communicators who are responsible for facilitating the management of discipline in weight management and on healthy diet literacy. It is noted that the nurses require education, mentorship, and training programs in balancing the relationship between patient and institutional duties. The balance between the two will facilitate a way that is less overwhelming of their ability to be effective in outpatient care delivery.

According to the studies, one of the blows to nursing was the exit of many of the professionals at the height of the pandemic. Most nurses have chosen to leave due to the poor attention given to promoting their self-improvement while they are overworked hence a deterioration of the relationship they can have with their patients. The challenge has created a gap in patient-focused care and thus there have been compromises and poor prioritization leading to dissatisfaction by both nurses and patients, especially in low priority groups. There is thus a need to draw attention towards improving the conditions by addressing wellness and equipping more nurses with the education and training necessary to defend their position on patient care delivery and to equip their obesity patients on self-managed care.

The strategy of skill development based on this justification is part of the larger transformative learning strategies necessary the development of better nursing approach. It facilitates the creation of better collaboration and a mutual understanding of the nature of medical issues towards a sustainable wellness-focused solution. In this way, there can be better outcomes in-patient all-round which in turn is a reward that goes towards job satisfaction and the prevention of shortages hence balance in nursing and patient goal setting and healing.

Project Objectives

The objectives of this project are to:

1. Conduct an extensive review of the literature exploring a healthy diet for patients with obesity using the following keywords both singularly and in multiple combinations: nursing training, obesity, obesity prevention, outpatient care, overweight, diet, and healthy diet. Databases searched, limited to the years 2018 to 2023, will include, AMED, Alt Health Watch, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCO, Medical Journal sites for nursing care, nursing training, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Google Scholar.

2. Develop an Educational Training Program; and

Definition of Terms

The following concepts are defined both theoretically and operationally for the purpose of this project:

Health Promotion

Theoretical Definition: Facilitation of motivational behavior to recognize a positive outcome as an approach to better health management (Peplau, 1991).

Operational Definition: conducting and directing the implementation of weight management strategies that enhance forward-focused change for a better quality of life for outpatients that are diagnosed with obesity.

Healthcare Support

Theoretical and Operational Definition: integrative healthcare service delivery that facilitates the provision of effective and efficient aid to the patient in a way that is essential to their safety, improved quality of life, and development of better coping tools (Maciejewski et al., 2019). Operational Definition: A nursing duty that recognizes the provision of the totality of care for outpatients with obesity through readiness in resource and information availability that allows sustainable improvement of patient’s health.

Healthy diet

Theoretical definition: Refers to both a health-promoting and disease-preventing diet. It delivers adequate nutrients and other health-promoting ingredients from wholesome foods while avoiding ingesting harmful substances (Chaudhary et al., 2018). Operational Definition: A diet composed of macronutrients, micronutrients, and vitamins necessary for maintaining the body’s normal functioning and promoting health through enhancing healthy weight loss in obese and overweight patients.

Limitations

The Project Author recognizes the following project limitations:

1. The implementation of the educational training program is not within the context of this project;

2. The educational training program is developed in the English language only and may benefit a more culturally diverse population if written in additional languages.

Project Development Plan

Plan for the Protection of Human Subjects

Following approval from D’Youville Patricia H. Garman School of Nursing, the graduate faculty designee (Appendix A) five professionals with knowledge and expertise in the area of a healthy diet for patients with obesity will be personally approached and asked to voluntarily participate as content experts in the review and evaluation of an educational training program (Appendix D). Content experts will be advised that participation or non-participation as expert reviewers will have no effect on their employment status. The Project Author has a collegial, professional, and nonsupervisory relationship with the content expert reviewers thereby protecting the participants from any risk of coercion. Content experts will be guaranteed confidentiality because identifying characteristics will not be collected on the Content Expert Project Evaluation Tool and because their names will not be revealed anywhere in the project manuscript or in required project presentations. Only the Project Author will know the names of the content expert reviewers. Return of the completed content expert Project Evaluation Tool (Appendix C) will indicate implied voluntary consent to participate as a content expert reviewer. Content experts will be advised that they will not be able to withdraw from project participation once the project evaluation tool is returned to the Project Author because the evaluation tool will be returned without identifying information. Returned Content Expert Project Evaluation Tools will be stored according to the D’Youville Patricia H. Garman School of Nursing protocol in a locked drawer located in the Project Author’s home for a period of three years and then destroyed.

Plan for Project Evaluation

After obtaining full approval from the D’Youville Patricia H. Garman School of Nursing (Appendix A), the Project Author will mail a packet to each content expert reviewer containing one Letter of Intent (Appendix B), one copy of the Content Expert Project Evaluation Tool (Appendix C), one copy of the educational training program (Appendix D), and one self-addressed stamped envelope. The Letter of Intent will explain the project purpose and instructions for completing and returning the Content Expert Project Evaluation Tool to the Project Author.

The Content Expert Project Evaluation Tool will consist of six evaluative items scored on a four-point Likert Scale that ranges from (1) Strongly Disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Agree, and (4) Strongly Agree. Space will be provided for narrative comments and suggestions following each evaluative item. Evaluative items will ask reviewers to rate the educational training program on clarity, readability, applicability, quality, organization, and evidence-based clinical relevance. Approximately 20 minutes will be required to review the resource guide and to complete the Content Expert Project Evaluation Tool. Content experts will be given seven days to complete and return the Content Expert Project Evaluation Tool to the Project Author via postal mail using the self-addressed stamped envelope included in the original packet. Likert scale responses will be presented narratively and displayed in bar graph format. Content expert suggestions and comments will be analyzed for common themes and presented narratively. A summary of the evaluation results including the findings of the six evaluative items in the content expert project evaluation tool will be provided to the content expert reviewers by postal mail.

Chapter I presented the project introduction, statement of purpose, an overview of the theoretical framework guiding project development, an initial review of the literature focusing on

the development of an educational training program for nurses in an outpatient setting exploring healthy diets for patients with obesity, the project significance and justification, project objectives, definition of terms, project limitations, the project development plan, the protection of human subjects, the plan for project evaluation, and a chapter summary. Chapter II will provide an extensive review of the literature focusing on an educational training program for nurses regarding the importance of a healthy diet for patients with obesity and a chapter summary. Chapter III will discuss the intended project setting and population, the content expert participants, data collection methods, project tools, the protection of human subjects, and a chapter summary. Chapter IV will discuss the evaluation of the project, implications for future advanced nursing practice, recommendations for future projects and research, and a chapter summary.

According to Balani et al., (2019) The epidemic of obesity is a significant health crisis that continues to increase globally, it is reported that in the United States, more than two-thirds of adults are considered either overweight or obese. A lifestyle disease is critical to the discussion on nursing care for outpatient obesity. As such, care focuses on management and fostering better and healthy weight maintenance (Kalligeros et al., 2020). Thus, it does not necessarily focus on age but understands that eagerness is also a risk factor for comorbidities associated with being overweight. Furthermore, Kalligeros et al. (2020) study points out that the exploration of the association between obesity and chronic diseases is something that should be understood. This is because there is a direct relation between the severity of the outcomes seen in intensive care units and admission rates. For example, research that analyzes a retrospective cohort with 103 patients found that the patients admitted to the hospital history of heart disease is a direct result of obesity. Therefore, a recommendation is that vigilance should be given to treating patients with obesity starting from the outpatient setting, alluding to necessitated prevention of escalation when faced with other conditions (Kalligeros et al., 2020).

The role of nursing is to provide integrated care and enhance patient comfort by providing interventions to alleviate symptoms of obesity. Findings from Rezaei et al. (2022) study point out that high morbidity rates are caused by poor health maintenance, which aligns with the results in studies by Smith et al. 2020. Furthermore, Gadde et al. (2018) study findings indicate a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality rates among patients in weight maintenance trials. The high number of obesity cases creates a risk factor in the population; this points to the need to emphasize training for this. Recognizing physician efforts in collaboration with outpatients by sensitization on environmental awareness is essential (Walia et al., 2022). This includes considering that proper evaluation starts by recognizing the appropriateness of the environment for supporting weight management. Achieving and maintaining weight loss or gain requires physician-patient collaboration in a way that can be facilitated by nurses providing pertinent information. Again, support and motivation are also determined by letting a carefully defined plan be identified with the patient to understand the expected health outcomes. This is the nurse’s work as it allows for the recognition of a strategy of control for each patient ( Stonerock & Blumenthal, 2017, p. 1457).

According to Rezaei et al. (2022), the combination of aspects such as the cost of health, care expenditures, and hospitalization risks are some of the reasons that can be used in motivating outpatients to adhere to their plan of losing weight. This study aligns with the findings of Piché et al. (2020) study findings. The findings indicate that advanced heart diseases are often caused by obesity and lack of maintenance, and the determinant of failure lies in the early handling of the issue. Therefore, health literacy is an integral part of the nursing fraternity to impart to the patients as it allows for the opportunity to understand the implication of obesity in the long run. Consequently, the narrative is applicable because by the time medication is involved, the progression will be higher risk associated and thus significant mortality risk, however, creating a provider-patient relationship with a healthy diet, diabetes and obesity teaching without having a judgmental response, whereby both parties agrees on goals, share a vision of improvement in general metabolic health status, the patient and provider will be able to create a personalized and participatory lifestyle changes plan as described by Foley et al. (2019) study. Furthermore, Alexander et al. (2021) study findings indicate that health literacy as part of outpatient training will provide the necessary support for proper weight loss and maintain it while allowing room for recognition of mental health too. This caters to the grasping of the incorporation of strategies that align outcomes centered on the totality of patient care within the six sigma of quality improvement in healthcare delivery.

Alexander et al. (2021) research focuses on promoting healthcare delivery as a focal point in preventive care and is supported by Levine et al. (2019), which look at a similar issue but with a different approach. Levine et al. (2019) surveyed to find out why the use of preventive healthcare is still low in the modern healthcare system. The findings from the survey linked modernization and the advancement in technology as one the contributors to the limited use of preventive medicine. Nevertheless, Harris et al. (2017) points out how using preventive healthcare would enhance the efficiency of care and result in better outcomes. Therefore, Alexander et al., 2021; Levine et al., 2019; Harris et al., 2017 studies collectively look at transitioning patients from outpatient to inpatient and provide insight into what to avoid and what is necessary to promote better care. From the start, the studies allow room for relativity in practices that promote and optimize safety, and within those points to the relevance of individual patient circumstances. While the project gives valuable information on the standard procedure, it contributes to the general discussion on the improvement of health by nurses. It thus applies that, for all patients, recognition of the value in situation background assessment facilitates the improvement of health outcomes. The improvement starts with a reduction in risks hence understanding beneficial outcomes accurately first (Alexander et al., 2021).

There is also a need to recognize the impact of cultural competency in nursing care (Chae & Park, 2019). With outpatients, there is a risk of exposure to external biases and pressure that may result in declining health whenever they leave a session. Therefore, the value must be provided in educating the patient on the potential risks they face within their environment. This can only be achieved through collaboration which aligns with the results of Seger’s (2019) and Ogbolu et al. (2018) studies. Furthermore, it is essential for the perspective of the community and support system of the patient to be observed by the patient (Bloor & McIntosh, 2019). Therefore, sharing with the nurse is a natural step of goal setting that allows an informed understanding of the underlying implication of the stereotypes and norms of expectation (Halvorson et al., 2019). This will help focus on reducing the risk of “temptation” of hindrances to improving patient health in a way that respects them and their communities. Similarly, (Balani, et al., 2019) study examined factors affecting healthy weight in the community, the study explained that obesity is not a lifestyle crisis, but rather a complicated, chronic disease affecting areas of behavioral, psychosocial, biological, and environmental factors. For this reason, there is a need for a collaborative and comprehensive approach to obesity management. Therefore, foundational planning is essential for the nurse and the patient to recognize early on.

According to Hee Soon, et al. (2019) opted to conduct a study on this subject focusing on the younger populations. They point out that one thing that tends to be overlooked is the fact that children tend to learn from what they see happening in their surroundings. Thus, even if a child is prone to eating healthy when they are in their respective homes, they are also prone to be influenced by what they see in schools or other surroundings. This research study aimed to answering the question, “What are the barriers at home and school to healthy eating?” It also aimed at answering this through the perspectives of parents and children who had or were suffering from obesity, therefore, parents, teachers, and community healthcare providers should alleviate the issues of obesity through adequate healthy diet teaching and implementation.

It is imperative that when it comes to the management of unvoiced expectations of a patient in a way that recognizes their efforts and input towards change. According to Ma et al. (2019) study findings, obesity management requires self-discipline at a higher level than average and recognizing a gradual result, supported by Reas’s (2017) study. These studies describe how lack of self-discipline results in binge eating disorder; at the same time, public and healthcare professionals’ knowledge, and attitudes toward the relationship between self-awareness results in binge eating disorder and, consequently, weight gain (obesity). The fact that it cannot be cured by medication and results are not immediate is a cause of concern that both nurse and patient should understand (Maciejewski et al., 2019). It requires patience and a lens where small milestones can only weigh competent management. Furthermore, obesity practitioners must have complete comprehension and apply evidence-based knowledge while administering care to patients with obesity (Srivastava et al., 2019: p.196).

When management optimization is needed in the treatment strategy for a patient with obesity, especially outpatients, there is a need for longitudinal consideration of the comprehensiveness of management aspects. According to Seger (2019), a complication of obesity as a chronic illness is as sophisticated as any other issue, which aligns with Godfrey et al. (2017) study. Godfrey et al. (2017) describe the complications primarily associated with maternal obesity, including coronary artery disease, obesity in the offspring, asthma, and allergies. In addition, Wharton et al. (2020), tackles nursing and obesity pointing it to be one of the current health concerns affecting a large proportion of the world’s population as it interferes with health outcomes. As such, an intensity level should be employed with preventive controls in line with the responsibility set. This allows for desired treatment to be the main goal rather than the desired end product, such as specific weight. It removes the tension without negating the implication of the process and thus optimizes input by the small measures that can be seen regularly. Therefore, a pathophysiological approach is necessary for an all-hands-on methodology hence simplicity that is specific to the patient in question rather than a generalization as in Block et al. (2020) study findings.

Inadequacy of skills and knowledge among healthcare professionals is one of the significant challenges facing the fight against metabolic conditions such as obesity. Bucher Della Torre et al. (2018) describe one of the challenges in one of the university hospitals as the presentation of poor knowledge, skills, and attitude about obesity among nurses and physicians, which aligns with the findings of Turner et al.’s (2018) study. Turner et al.’s study revealed inadequate knowledge concerning managing obesity effectively. The results imply that provider perception of optimal healthcare services for obesity is at odds with research-based guidelines. Healthcare practitioners must be aware of the best ways to use pharmacotherapy and behavioral counseling, such as adopting a healthy diet; these interventions are widely applied in improving the health of obese patients (Turner et al., 2018).

Reinforcing Positive Environment in Nurse-Patient Relationship

When looking at the studies, it is evident that nurse and patient relationships are integral to both the definition of health and the understanding of treatment planning. These are essential to the pathways to positive outcome expectation and hence accurate to the operational definitions. Given that outpatient care for obesity is almost therapeutic, there is a sense of delivery requiring that verbal and non-verbal communication be read. As such, the nurse must have the core conditioning of genuine concerns, which sometimes could be perceived as going above and beyond the baseline required (Okdie & Ewoldsen, 2018). The relationship between the two is skill-based, examining the level of trust in both directions with absolute truths. The points of conflict should thus be handled with care and isolated from the goals by accepting attitudes as progression hence the removal of fear (Walia et al., 2022). This also removes the anxiety of either side as the nurse can trust that discipline will be employed within the period they have not met. Similarly, the patient will trust that information will not be withheld, anger will not be enforced, and the environment of care will be positively reinforced with empathy rather than pity.

Chapter II presented a review of the recognition of nurses’ efforts in collaboration with outpatients by sensitization on personal and environmental awareness as essential in all round wellness. The chapter details the importance of trust and unique relationships from one patient to another in ensuring the totality of care. Furthermore, it presents strategies that align outcomes centered on the totality of patient care within the six sigma of quality improvement in healthcare delivery. Chapter III will discuss the intended project setting and population, the content expert participants, data collection methods, project tools, the protection of human subjects, and a chapter summary. Chapter IV will discuss the evaluation of the project, implications for future advanced nursing practice, recommendations for future projects and research, and a chapter summary.

References

Alexander, C. C., Tschannen, D., Hays, D., Clouse, M., Zellefrow, C., Amer, K. S., … & Milner, K. A. (2022). An integrative review of the barriers and facilitators to nursing engagement in quality improvement in the clinical practice setting.
Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 
37(1), 94-100.

Alexander, C., Rovinski-Wagner, C., Wagner, S., & Oliver, B. J. (2021). Building a Reliable Health Care System: A Lean Six Sigma Quality Improvement Initiative on Patient Handoff. 
Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 
36(3), 195-201.

Allan, J. (2020). Theorizing new developments in critical social work. In
Critical social work, 30–44. Routledge.

Block, B. L., Smith, A. K., & Sudore, R. L. (2020). During COVID‐19, outpatient advance care planning is imperative: We need all hands on deck. 
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

Bloor, M., & McIntosh, J. (2019). Surveillance and concealment: a comparison of techniques of client resistance in therapeutic communities and health visiting. In 
Selected Writings in Medical Sociological Research, 93–116. Routledge.

Bucher, D. T. S., Courvoisier, D. S., Saldarriaga, A., Martin, X. E., & Farpour‐Lambert, N. J. (2018). Training is essential in nurses’ and physicians’ knowledge, attitudes, representations, and declared practices about obesity in a university hospital.
Clinical obesity, 
8(2), 122-130.

Chae, D., & Park, Y. (2019). Organizational cultural competence needed to care for foreign patients: A focus on nursing management.
Journal of Nursing Management, 
27(1), 197–206.

Shi, H. (2017). Planning Effective Educational Programs for Adult Learners. 
World Journal of Education, 
7(3), 79–83.

Smith, J. D., Fu, E., & Kobayashi, M. A. (2020). Prevention and management of childhood obesity and its psychological and health comorbidities. 
Annual review of clinical psychology, 
16, 351-378.

Srivastava, G., Fox, C. K., Kelly, A. S., Jastreboff, A. M., Browne, A. F., Browne, N. T., … & Apovian, C. M. (2019). Clinical considerations regarding the use of obesity pharmacotherapy in adolescents with obesity. 
Obesity, 
27(2), 190–204.

Stonerock, G. L., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2017). Role of counseling to promote adherence in healthy lifestyle medicine: strategies to improve exercise adherence and enhance physical activity. 
Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 
59(5), 455-462.

Tartavoulle, T., & Landry, J. (2021). Educating Nursing Students About Delivering Culturally Sensitive Care to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Questioning/Queer, Intersex, Plus Patients: The Impact of an Advocacy Program on Knowledge and Attitudes.
Nursing education perspectives, 42(4), E15-E19.

Turner, M., Jannah, N., Kahan, S., Gallagher, C., & Dietz, W. (2018). Current knowledge of obesity treatment guidelines by health care professionals. 
Obesity, 
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Walia, I., Krainovich-Miller, B., & Djukic, M. (2022). Nurses’ Lived Experience with Nurse–Physician Collaboration. 
The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 
53(9), 397–403.

Appendix D

Educational Training Program

Appendix E

Survey Tool Results