\n| \n Note:Any time a question refers to a concept map or a \u201cmini-concept\u201d map, as in question #9, think in a stepwise fashion.The first word or phrase leads to the next, which leads to the next, etc.In some cases, an arrow separates the word or phrase, and in other cases there may be a series of dots separating them.The point is, one concept leads to another, in an order that makes sense pathophysiologically.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n 9.Which mini-concept map do you think best describes accurate linkage between underlying pathophysiology and signs and symptoms (S&S) described in this scenario? <\/p>\n a.Jogging increased heart rate\u00e0blood pumped throughout body faster\u00e0tissues<\/p>\n (including lungs and stomach) receive too much blood\u00e0patient complains of shortness of breath and nausea.<\/p>\n b.History of heart disease in family\u00e0patient worries about it constantly\u00e0becomes<\/p>\n anxious\u00e0smokes too much\u00e0nicotine causes narrowing of all arteries in body, including coronaries\u00e0heart attack from narrowed coronaries.<\/p>\n c.High levels of fat in the blood from high-fat diet\u00e0clogs in coronary arteries develop over time \u00e0oxygenated blood cannot get to distal tissues of heart\u00e0unoxygenated tissues \u201ccry out\u201d (send pain messages to brain) \u00e0 patient complains of chest pain.<\/p>\n d.Obesity\u00e0 increased pressure on diaphragm\u00e0breathing becomes more<\/p>\n difficult\u00e0shortness of breath\u00e0less oxygen\u00e0 EKG changes.<\/p>\n 10.A sequela of the MI was <\/p>\n a.having to be hospitalized frequently because of problems associated with the damaged heart.<\/p>\n b.having to be hospitalized frequently with repeat heart attacks.<\/p>\n c.needing to jog more often.<\/p>\n d.continuing to smoke 2 PPD.<\/p>\n 11.The most likely sequela of not submitting an assignment by the deadline is<\/p>\n a.being allowed to submit the assignment later because you had a bad cold during the<\/p>\n days leading up to the assignment due date.<\/p>\n b.getting a zero on that assignment.<\/p>\n c.instructor\u2019s lack of concern, because you will be able to drop the lowest assignment<\/p>\n grade.<\/p>\n d.being allowed to submit the assignment later because you thought it wasn\u2019t due till the next day.<\/p>\n 12.<\/p>\n 13.<\/p>\n 14.After not eating since breakfast 6 hours ago, a student taking a test notices a period of hunger and fatigue.He doesn\u2019t have access to food because he is taking the test.About 10 minutes later, though, he begins to feel ok again and finishes the test with flying colors.What has happened in his body?<\/p>\n a.A compensatory response called glycogenolysis allowed him to access stored glucose for energy.<\/p>\n b.A decompensatory response occurred, in which adrenalin increased and caused more blood flow to the brain.<\/p>\n c.Since his blood sugar was likely low, the heart underwent a compensatory response<\/p>\n known as hypertrophy in order to increase blood flow to central organs.<\/p>\n d.Using a control mechanism known as hyperventilation, the student was able to<\/p>\n \u201cblow off\u201d excess CO2 and thus have a clearer thinking process.<\/p>\n 15.Which sets of sentences match each other correctly?(Read very carefully.)<\/p>\n a.After several days of little sleep and very stressful life events a student\u2019s cold evolves into pneumonia.Insomnia and stress are precipitating factors for the pneumonia.<\/p>\n b.A person with a chronic lung disease gets pneumonia.The pneumonia is considered an acute illness.<\/p>\n c.Freshly oxygenated blood flows from the aorta through coronary arteries to distal parts of the heart muscle.Blockage in the coronaries would cause decreased oxygenation in the cardiac muscle tissue that is proximal to the blockage.<\/p>\n d.A and B.<\/p>\n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<\/i><\/p>\n Genetic Influence in Disease<\/u><\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n16.A child is born to a couple, one of whom is heterozygous for an autosomal dominant disease. The other parent is homozygous normal.What would be the child\u2019s chances of having the disease? (Use a Punnett square to figure this out).<\/p>\n a.0%<\/p>\n b.25%<\/p>\n c.50%<\/p>\n d.75%<\/p>\n 17.A child is born to a couple, one of whom is a carrier for a sex-linked recessive disease. The other parent has the disease (\u201chaving\u201d the disease means the phenotype is seen\u2014ie, S&S)<\/i>.What would be the chances that the couple has a child with the disease? (Use a Punnett square to figure this out.) <\/p>\n a.0%<\/p>\n b.25%<\/p>\n c.50%<\/p>\n d.75%<\/p>\n 18.In the question above, what are the chances that a child will be a carrier?<\/strong> <\/p>\na.0%<\/p>\n b.25%<\/p>\n c.50%<\/p>\n d.75%<\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n19.An RN is taking care of a cocaine addict who has just given birth to a baby with a teratogenic defect.A student nurse asks him what the probable etiology was.The RN shows understanding of genetic disorders when he says<\/strong><\/p>\na.\u201cIt\u2019s hard to know the exact cause, but it\u2019s likely that fetal chromosomal development was impaired by the mom\u2019s intra-pregnancy cocaine ingestion.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\nb.\u201cThe baby inherited a structural chromosomal defect that resulted in a problem called aneuploidy.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\nc.\u201cThe baby inherited a gene that caused a defect called trisomy 21.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\nd.\u201cSince the little guy was born with the Philadelphia chromosome, he will be a life-long Phillies fan.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n20.A child with sickle cell anemia presents with pain all over, especially the joints.Which of the following best links the patho with S&S?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n| <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \n\n\n\n| \n (REMEMBER, WHEN YOU ARE STUDYING ANY MATERIAL IN THIS COURSE, BE SURE TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO LINK <\/u><\/strong>S&S TO THE PATHO OF THE DISEASE & VICE VERSA.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n a.Cyst formation in the kidneys leads to blood spillage from the circulation into the<\/strong><\/p>\nurine, thus causing anemia.<\/strong><\/p>\nb.A single-gene mutation causes malfunction of genetic coding for clotting properties, leading<\/strong><\/p>\nto bleeding and ischemic pain of the joints.<\/strong><\/p>\nc.Chromosomal aberrancy causes malformation<\/strong> of RBCs in the blood supply to the joints and subsequent pain due to lack of oxygen.<\/strong><\/p>\nd.A single-gene mutation causes malfunction in RBC O2-carrying capacity<\/strong>, leading to ischemic pain in the joint tissues.<\/p>\nQuestions 21-25<\/u><\/strong> <\/strong>are based on this scenario:A 25-year old pregnant women voices concerns about the genetic health of her fetus because she has sickle cell disease.Her husband has been genetically tested and has a heterozygous genotype.<\/p>\nTips:<\/u>The questions assume that you are taking the following critical thinking steps:<\/p>\n\n- You read the question and by knowing (from your readings) that sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disease and thus has a certain pattern of inheritance (do your Punnett square work below)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- You know that in most genetic diseases, the gene that has been mutated will not code properly for certain proteins that are important for certain normal functions.You will ask yourself, in sickle cell, how does the mutation lead to the phenotype, ie, the signs and symptoms?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
First figure out the Punnett square for this couple (blue highlight) & then the possible kids\u2019 genotypes (yellow) \u2014 (use the letter \u201cs<\/strong>\u201d for the parents\u2019 genotypes\u2014stands for sickle cell; see pgs. 50-51 as needed):<\/p>\n\n\n\n| <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \n\n\n\n| \n put Dad\u2019s heterozygous genotype in this row <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n \n\n\n| <\/td>\n | \n _____<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n _____<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| \n put mom\u2019s genotype in this column<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n _____<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n _____<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n _____<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n _____<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n _____<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n _____<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n 21.Mom\u2019s genotype is <\/p>\n a.ss<\/p>\n b.Ss<\/p>\n c.SS<\/p>\n d.none of the above.<\/p>\n 22.Which is true about the dad?<\/p>\n a.His genotype is ss.<\/p>\n b.He is a carrier of sickle cell.<\/p>\n c.He likely has the typical S&S of sickle cell.<\/p>\n d.All of the above.<\/p>\n 23.What is the percent possibility of this couple\u2019s child having a completely normal genotype?<\/p>\n a.0%<\/p>\n b.25%<\/p>\n c.50%<\/p>\n d.100%<\/p>\n 24.What is the percent possibility of this couple\u2019s child having sickle cell trait?<\/p>\n a.0%<\/p>\n b.25%<\/p>\n c.50%<\/p>\n d.75%<\/p>\n 25.What is the percent possibility of this couple\u2019s child having the disease, sickle cell anemia?<\/p>\n a.0%<\/p>\n b.25%<\/p>\n c.50%<\/p>\n d.75%<\/p>\n 26.The parents of a new baby with Down\u2019s syndrome ask their nurse what to expect.She bases her answer on her understanding that the child will have<\/p>\n a.developmental problems brought on by a sex-linked monosomy.<\/p>\n b.developmental problems brought on by the pathologic interaction of 3 chromosomes where there should be only two. <\/p>\n c.a phenotype based on defective mitochondrial protein synthesis that created aneuploidy.<\/strong><\/p>\nd.the phenotype of diminished IQ and physical differences that are caused by a single-gene disorder.<\/p>\n 27.A person has hemophilia.Which is the correct genotype?<\/p>\n a.HH<\/p>\n b.XHY<\/p>\n c.XhY<\/p>\n d.hh<\/p>\n 28.The phenotype of the person in question 27 includes having ________ because __________.<\/p>\n a.joint pain: the gene that codes for coagulation factors is defective, causing easy bleeding into the joints.<\/p>\n b.joint pain: the joint tissue is oxygen-starved due to deformed hemoglobin in the RBCs.<\/p>\n c.simian facial features: hemophilia is a teratogenic disorder caused by maternal alcohol<\/p>\n abuse.<\/p>\n d.severely shortened arms and legs: a drug called thalidomide caused the mutated genotype.<\/p>\n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<\/i><\/p>\n Intracellular Function and Disorders<\/u><\/i><\/strong><\/p>\nQuestions 29-31<\/u><\/strong> apply to this scenario: The parents of a five-year-old girl complain anxiously to<\/p>\nher pediatrician that in the last couple of weeks, no matter how much she eats, she keeps losing weight. <\/p>\n She appears quite thin, well below her normal weight.Her blood sugar is 300 (normal range 75-110). <\/p>\n She is diagnosed with Type I diabetes mellitus (DM 1).<\/p>\n 29.In this scenario, the explanation that bests links pathophysiology with S&S in this child is that in DM1, the pancreas <\/p>\n a.quits producing glucagon so that glycogen stores are inaccessible, thus causing weight loss.<\/p>\n b.increases insulin production so that glucose stays in the blood, causing hyperglycemia.<\/p>\n c.quits producing insulin so that glycogenolysis is stimulated and too much glucose enters the blood.<\/p>\n d.quits producing insulin so that glucose cannot be used as energy in the cells, thus causing the body to burn up fat and protein for energy. <\/p>\n 30.If ABGs were done on this patient, you would expect all the following EXCEPT<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\na.a blood pH of 7.32 because sustained gluconeogenesis causes acidic byproducts to<\/p>\n accumulate.<\/p>\n b.a HCO3 of 20 because the high numbers of acids in her body \u201ctake over\u201d and \u201covercome\u201d<\/p>\n the HCO3, which then diminishes in number.<\/p>\n c.a HCO3 of 30 because the low numbers of acids in her body stimulate increase in HCO3. <\/p>\n d.this acid\/base imbalance to be called metabolic acidosis because it is an acidotic state<\/p>\n caused by a metabolic disorder.<\/p>\n \n\n\n| <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \n\n\n\n| \n Normal HCO3 (bicarbonate) range = 24-28<\/u><\/strong>.(Remember that you must memorize the pH range, which is why I don\u2019t give it here. I will always give ranges when I haven\u2019t asked you to memorize them.)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n 31.This girl\u2019s body needs to compensate for the acid\/base imbalance noted above.Knowing that the lungs will compensate when the \u201cmetabolic\u201d side is \u201csick\u201d and the kidneys will compensate when the lungs are \u201csick,\u201d which compensatory response would you expect?<\/p>\n a.Hyperventilation –increased respiratory rate (RR)– to \u201cblow off\u201d CO2; this is the lungs\u2019 way to get rid of acids.<\/p>\n b.Hypoventilation\u2014decreased RR– to \u201chold onto\u201d CO2, since CO2 is an alkali that will counteract the acidosis.<\/p>\n c.Kidneys will excrete more HCO3 into the urine to get rid of acidic byproducts. <\/p>\n d.By hyperventilating and blowing off CO2, the body will bring the pH down to normal range.<\/p>\n 32.A child accidentally ingests an insecticide with the ingredient cyanide.Knowing that cyanide suppresses the actions of cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain, what is a likely sign or symptom you would expect and why? (see page 2 of metabolic pathway concept map and use your critical thinking skills)<\/p>\n a.Ketonuria due to increased glycogenesis.<\/p>\n b.Confusion due to glycolysis.<\/p>\n c.Mild euphoria due to enhanced production of ATP.<\/p>\n d.Shortness of breath due to decreased ATP to use for the work of breathing.<\/p>\n 33.A patient with a serum calcium of 6.0 (norm = 8.5- 10.5) is most likely to______ because_______.<\/p>\n a.be lethargic: the cells are hypopolarized.<\/p>\n b.have muscle spasms: more Na+ has entered the cells.<\/p>\n c.be weak: more Na+ has left the cells.<\/p>\n d.have hyperirritable muscles: the cells are hyperpolarized.<\/p>\n 34.A patient has been vomiting copiously for 3 days.He is probably in ___ because _____.<\/p>\n a.metabolic acidosis: vomiting often leads to hyperventilation.<\/p>\n b.respiratory alkalosis: vomiting often leads to hyperventilation<\/p>\n c.metabolic alkalosis: vomiting of the normal acidic digestive secretions of the stomach eventually depletes the body\u2019s acids.<\/p>\n d.metabolic acidosis: vomiting of the normal acidic digestive secretions of the stomach eventually depletes the body\u2019s acids.<\/p>\n Questions 35-36<\/u><\/strong> <\/strong>apply to this scenario:<\/u><\/strong> A 78-year-old patient with cancer of the esophagus has not been able to eat, has lost 80 pounds and appears cachectic (extremely thin & wasted; the noun is cachexia<\/i>).His breath smells fruity, like acetone.His pH is 7.14 and HCO3 18.<\/p>\n(normal HCO3 is 24-28)<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n35.Looking at his pH and HCO3, plus the corroborating patient picture, what acid\/base imbalance is he in?<\/p>\n a.respiratory alkalosis.<\/p>\n b.metabolic alkalosis.<\/p>\n c.metabolic acidosis.<\/p>\n d.respiratory acidosis.<\/p>\n 36.Link aspects of his clinical presentation to the pathophysiology underlying them.<\/p>\n a.Patient can\u2019t eat\u00e0 hypoglycemia\u00e0insulin secreted from pancreas\u00e0 triggers glycogenolysis as a back-up plan \u00e0 raises blood sugar but byproducts include ketones.<\/p>\n b.Difficulty breathing\u00e0 increased metabolic needs\u00e0uses up all energy sources\u00e0 body begins<\/p>\n to use HCO3 as source of energy\u00e0HCO3 depleted\u00e0 HCO3 decreases to 18, causing pH to increase from normal to 7.14.<\/p>\n c.Chronic illness\u00e0increased stress\u00e0increase in counterregulatory hormones\u00e0glycogenesis triggered\u00e0too much glucose being stored rather than being readily available\u00e0cachexia.<\/p>\n d.Given the description of the patient’s debilitated state, he is probably in sustained gluconeogenesis\u00e0gives energy but also increases accumulation of ketones \u00e0 body tries to get rid of them via many ways, including as acetone in the breath. <\/p>\n 37.A scene in the ER:A CIA operative who has had no previous medical history presents with initial complaints of nausea, vomiting, severe weakness.Now he is also short of breath.His pH is 7.20 and his HCO3 is 17.What is most likely going on in his body?<\/p>\n a.Poisoning (by an enemy spy)\u00e0 cellular hypoxia\u00e0cells must repeatedly go through<\/p>\n anaerobic glycolysis to gain some ATPS\u00e0increases pyruvate\u00e0lactic acidosis\u00e0 metabolic acidosis. <\/p>\n b.Poisoning (by an enemy spy)\u00e0 hypoxia\u00e0cells must continuously go through aerobic<\/p>\n glycolysis instead of continuing down normal metabolic pathway\u00e0 low ATPS\u00e0respiratory<\/p>\n acidosis.<\/p>\n c.Gastrointestinal flu\u00e0 can\u2019t eat\u00e0 low blood sugar\u00e0glucagon secreted\u00e0triggers glycogenolysis\u00e0 glucose released into blood, but also there are acidotic byproducts that must be countered by more HCO3\u00e0increased alkalinity\u00e0metabolic alkalosis.<\/p>\n d.Job stress\u00e0low oxygenation\u00e0 body compensates by increasing respiratory rate (hyperventilation)\u00e0 too much CO2 blown off\u00e0 respiratory alkalosis.<\/p>\n \n\n\n| <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \n\n\n\n| \n In many of the questions above, think of all the \u201cG\u201d words that you need to know and be able to use correctly for both this Assignment and the test:glucose, glucagon,glycolysis, glycogen, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis<\/strong>.Then there is also hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n 38.A patient in the ER is about to get a laceration stitched up.First the ER nurse practitioner (NP) will infiltrate the area with Lidocaine, a drug that will prevent the patient from feeling pain as the stitches go in.The medication\u2019s mechanism of action is to change the permeability of nerve cell membranes so that they decrease<\/u><\/i> <\/u>the number of Na+<\/sup> ions that are allowed to come into the cell.Using critical thinking and knowledge of RMP issues, what do you think is the next step?<\/p>\na.The nerve cells in the area become filled with anions and the RMP is reset from -90mV <\/p>\n to -60mV.<\/p>\n b.Because of the increased influx of cations, the local nerve cell membranes become more positively charged.<\/p>\n c.Because of the decreased influx of cations, the local nerve cell RMPs will be reset from<\/p>\n -90mV to -120mV.<\/p>\n d.The sodium\/potassium pump of the cell membranes will cease to work properly, and the<\/p>\n cells will become incapable of holding their normal RMP charge.<\/p>\n 39.Link the correct answer in question 38 with the effect of numbing the skin in the area to be stitched.<\/p>\n a.Since the RMPs of the area nerve cells are now more positively charged, they are hypopolarized and therefore will conduct pain sensations very slowly or not at all.<\/p>\n b.Since the RMPs of the area nerve cells are now more negatively charged, they are hyperpolarized and therefore will conduct pain sensations very slowly or not at all.<\/p>\n c.Since the RMPs of the area nerve cells are now more negatively charged, they are hypopolarized and therefore will be so hyperactive that pain sensation will be negligible.<\/p>\n d.Since the RMPs of the area nerve cells are now more positively charged, they are hyperpolarized and therefore will conduct pain sensations very slowly or not at all.<\/p>\n 40.Patho student Haymitch Abernathy spent 2 days in the hospital with mild pancreatitis.He gets out on a Monday evening feeling much better but knows he missed the 8am deadline for an assignment submission.What should he do, according to course policy?<\/strong><\/p>\na.Send an email to his instructor right away to explain about his hospitalization, understanding that excuses must be offered within 24 hours after the deadline.<\/strong><\/p>\nb.Scan his doctor note and email the copy to his instructor.<\/strong><\/p>\nc.Opt to use this assignment zero score as the one grade he can drop at the end of the semester.<\/strong><\/p>\nd.A and B.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/p>\nPART II<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n1.Remember the patient in PART I, with cancer who can\u2019t eat and has lost 80 pounds?Let\u2019s add to his<\/p>\n assessment findings:let\u2019s say he has generalized edema and a serum protein of4gm\/dl (normal = 6.0 to 8.3 gm\/dl ).Which is the most accurate mini-concept map linking his blood protein level with edema?<\/p>\n a.hypoproteinemia\u00e0 concentration in blood is now lower than the normal concentration of fluids inside cells\u00e0 fluid goes from blood to tissue (B to T). <\/p>\n b.hypoproteinemia\u00e0 concentration in blood is now higher than the normal concentration of fluids inside cells\u00e0 fluid goes from B to T<\/p>\n c.hypoproteinemia\u00e0 blood is now hyperosmolar compared to the cells \u00e0 fluid goes from T to B<\/p>\n d.hyperproteinemia\u00e0blood now has lower oncotic pressure than normal\u00e0 fluid goes from T to B<\/p>\n 2.All of the following are accurate possible findings in the patient above EXCEPT <\/u><\/i><\/strong>that<\/p>\na.he has confusion due swollen brain cells.<\/p>\n b.he has crackles in his lungs from fluid in the alveoli (lung tissue).<\/p>\n c.his serum osmolality is 302 (norm = 280- 295).<\/p>\n d.he will need a hypertonic IV solution to return fluid status to normal.<\/p>\n 3.A 28-year-old man presents with a low blood pressure due to blood loss from a gunshot wound.The regulatory<\/p>\n action that will best compensate for this patient\u2019s fluid volume deficit is:<\/p>\n a.increased action of the natriuretic peptide system.<\/p>\n b.increased action of the RAAS.<\/p>\n c.inhibition of renin secretion.<\/p>\n d.conversion of aldosterone into angiotensin II.<\/p>\n 4.As a result of the action in the previous question, all the following will occur EXCEPT<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\na.the patient\u2019s body will \u201chang on\u201d to fluids.<\/p>\n b.Na+ will be retained by the kidneys.<\/p>\n c.water excretion into the urine will increase.<\/p>\n d.blood pressure will increase.<\/p>\n (Normal labs:Na+ = 135 to 145; K+ = 3.5 \u2013 5.0;serum osmolality (\u201cosmo\u201d) = 280- 295;HCO3 = 22-28).<\/strong><\/p>\n5.A patient is hospitalized in renal failure.Because of her kidneys\u2019 inability to excrete water, she has generalized edema & a serum sodium of 129. Because the kidneys have also lost the ability to appropriately regulate potassium, she also has a serum potassium of 5.9.These lab results show:<\/p>\n a.hypernatremia & hypokalemia.<\/p>\n b.hyperkalemia & hyponatremia.<\/p>\n c.hyperosmolality & hypernatremia.<\/p>\n d.hypoosmolality & hypocalcemia.<\/p>\n 6.In the previous question, the edema is most likely due to fluid shifting from the intravascular space into interstitial spaces secondary to all the following EXCEPT<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\na.hypertonicity of the plasma space.<\/p>\n b.hypotonicity of the plasma space.<\/p>\n c.hypoosmolality of the blood.<\/p>\n d.diminished osmotic pressure of the blood.<\/p>\n 7.A patient has advanced liver disease.Blood tests reveal that his serum albumin (albumin is one of<\/i><\/p>\n the protein molecules found in the blood) <\/i>level is very low. What eventually happens in this patient situation?<\/p>\n a.Water would shift from blood (B) to tissue (T) because of decreased plasma oncotic pressure. <\/p>\n b.There would be an increased intravascular volume due to increased plasma oncotic pressure.<\/p>\n c.There would be dehydrated brain cells due to fluid shifting from T to B.<\/p>\n d.Water would shift from T to B because of increased osmolality of the vascular space. <\/p>\n 8The physiologic process underlying fluid shifts in the patient situation above is that <\/p>\n a.\u201cconcentration calls<\/i>\u201d fluid into<\/i> hypoosmolar compartments from <\/i>hyperosmolar ones.<\/p>\n b.the principle of diffusion results in albumin molecules going from<\/i> lower to higher<\/i> concentration. <\/p>\n c.\u201cconcentration calls<\/i>\u201d fluid into<\/i> compartments with higher oncotic pressure from<\/i> compartments with lower<\/p>\n oncotic pressure.<\/p>\n d.the proteinemia means that protein molecules will diffuse throughout the blood and tissue.<\/p>\n 9.A patient who just came out of general anesthesia has lab work done.The serum osmo is 165.The nurse taking care of this patient suspects that the _____ is due to _________.<\/p>\n a.hyperosmolality: dehydration.<\/p>\n b.hypoosmolality: syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH).<\/p>\n c.hypertonicity: SIADH.<\/p>\n d.high oncotic pressure: a state of hyperpolarization inside the cells.<\/p>\n 10.The nurse in the previous question (9) would expect all the following S&S EXCEPT<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\na.signs of cerebral edema such as irritability.<\/p>\n b.signs of cerebral cell dehydration such as headache.<\/p>\n c.pitting edema<\/p>\n d.crackles in the lungs upon auscultation.<\/p>\n 11.Re: the patient in the previous two questions (9 & 10):As an intervention to return the patient to normal serum osmolality, the nurse is likely to be ordered to hang an IV bag of _______ because once the fluid is distributed in the blood it will __________ and help return fluid compartment status to homeostasis. <\/p>\n a.0.45 NaCl: cause water to shift from tissue (T) to blood (B).<\/p>\n b.3% NaCl : cause water to shift from T to B.<\/p>\n c.0.25 NaCl: shift water from B to T.<\/p>\n d.NS: shift water from B to T.<\/p>\n 12.A patient who is having hyposecretion<\/i> of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) would MOST LIKELY have the following sign:<\/p>\n a.serum osmolality of 270.<\/p>\n b.oliguria (low urine output).<\/p>\n c.serum osmolality of 300.<\/p>\n d.edema.<\/p>\n 13.If you had a patient whose lab work showed that he was hyperproteinemic, what would you know about that patient?<\/p>\n a.He has a low osmotic pressure.<\/p>\n b.He has a low blood oncotic pressure.<\/p>\n c.His blood is more concentrated than usual.<\/p>\n d.You may need to hang an IV bottle of albumin.<\/p>\n 14.You have two patients whose serum osmolality results are as follows:Albus Dumbledore (Mr. D.) has a serum osmolality of 263<\/u>.Minerva McGonagall (Ms. M) has a serum osmolality of 326<\/u>. (normal serum osmo = 280- 295).<\/p>\n Based on understanding the links between fluid imbalances, lab results, and S&S, you will expect that<\/p>\n a.Ms. M. will have an overall puffy appearance.<\/p>\n b.Mr. D will have poor skin turgor and dry mucus membranes.<\/p>\n c.Ms. M. will need a hypertonic IV to get her fluid status back to normal.<\/p>\n d.Mr. D will have generalized pitting edema.<\/p>\n 15.On a more cellular level, which is true regarding the two patients in question 14?<\/p>\n a.Mr. D\u2019s tissue cells are likely shrunken from fluid being pulled from tissue to blood.<\/p>\n b.Ms. M\u2019s tissue cells are likely shrunken from fluid being pulled from tissue to blood.<\/p>\n c.Ms. M has more dilute blood than Mr. D.<\/p>\n d.Mr. D\u2019s blood is hyperosmolar compared to normal.<\/p>\n 16.A diabetic patient has pathological changes to his arteries that result in narrowing and blockage. He is diagnosed with gangrene of the toes (gangrene is when LOTS of cells die)..Lab work is drawn and shows an elevated CK.Which pathological process accurately explains this type of occurrence? <\/p>\n a.necrosis\u00e0gangrene\u00e0ischemia\u00e0 creatine kinase spillage into blood.<\/p>\n b.infarct\u00e0 cellular differentiation\u00e0 release of urea.<\/p>\n c.ischemia\u00e0 cell injury\u00e0swelling\u00e0spillage of cellular enzymes into blood.<\/p>\n d.metastasis\u00e0 superoxide dismutase\u00e0 release of free radicals.<\/p>\n 17.A patient says she has read that free radicals might be partly responsible for the development of her disease process.She wants to know more information and if there is anything that can counteract free radicals. The nurse\u2019s explanation will be based on understanding that all of the following statements are true EXCEPT<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\na.an example of a free radical is cytochrome oxide.<\/p>\n b. free radical molecules initiate harmful reactions such as lipid peroxidation, which damages the lipids of cell membranes.<\/p>\n c.the body\u2019s way to counteract free radicals include enzymes such as superoxide dismutase.<\/p>\n d.free radicals are molecules that are in a highly reactive state and can be calmed by taking certain vitamins. <\/p>\n 18.A patient who smokes expresses concern to his nurse about the metaplastic changes of the bronchi that were seen during his bronchoscopy. The nurse bases her response on the knowledge that this type of cellular change is<\/p>\n a.an irreversible cellular adaptation pattern.<\/p>\n b. considered a precancerous cellular change.<\/p>\n c. reversible if the change agent is removed.<\/p>\n d.due to a physiologic hyperplasia.<\/p>\n 19.Which sets of information are correctly linked?<\/p>\n a.a patient with decreased RBC production: erythropoietin injections are needed to counteract over proliferation of red blood cells.<\/p>\n b.arterial embolus blocks blood flow: decrease in venous circulation to tissue with resultant hypoxia of cells.<\/p>\n c.gout: caused by diet high in urea.<\/p>\n d.carbon monoxide: binds to Hgb in oxygen\u2019s place.<\/p>\n Questions 20-23 <\/u><\/strong>refer to this scenario: A large bookcase falls upon an elderly man in his home.His left leg is pinned and he cannot move for 2 days until his neighbor finds him.He is hospitalized with massive trauma to his left leg, with resultant rhabdomyolysis (rhabdomyo means striated muscle tissue; lysis means \u201cbreak down\u201d).His pulses in that foot are unpalpable and the foot is pale and cool.Eventually his foot must be amputated.<\/p>\n20.Which mini-concept map, showing one event leading to the next, best fits with the scenario above? <\/p>\n a.Massive mechanical trauma to leg\u00e0 distal arterial flow blocked\u00e0 ischemia to foot\u00e0 infarction of foot tissue\u00e0 amputation.<\/p>\n b.Rhabdomyolysis\u00e0 damage to striated cells spreads to arteries proximal to the trauma\u00e0 <\/p>\n ischemia\u00e0 infection\u00e0 amputation.<\/p>\n c.Mechanical trauma\u00e0 interrupt cell membrane functions such as Na\/K pump\u00e0 solute imbalance\u00e0 leg edema\u00e0 amputation.<\/p>\n d.Cool foot\u00e0 tissues become too cold to conduct metabolic pathway functions\u00e0 cells become dormant\u00e0 distal arterial flow increases pathologically\u00e0 amputation.<\/p>\n 21.Initial lab work is drawn that show a CK of 100,000 (normal serum CK is 0 to 200).Why is it so high?<\/p>\n a.As a compensatory response, the production of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is increased in the cells and then is excreted to \u201cclean up\u201d the cellular debris.<\/p>\n b.As a result of injury, the striated cell membranes lose integrity and there is leakage of intracellular substances such as CK into the surrounding tissue bed.<\/p>\n c.Creatine kinase (CK) is only found in striated muscle cells, so it makes sense that<\/p>\n rhabdomyolysis would result in greater release of CK.<\/p>\n d.Local tissue response to injury includes release of toxic, lytic substances such as CK.<\/p>\n 22.Because of massive cellular injury, myoglobin leaks from cells into blood.The patient eventually develops kidney failure from this myoglobinemia.All the following are true about this situation EXCEPT<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\na.the patient may ultimately need injections of erythropoietin because of the ailing kidneys\u2019 failure to adequately create it.<\/p>\n b.myoglobinuria will likely be present acutely due to \u201cspillage\u201d of excess of myoglobin into the urine.<\/p>\n c.erythropoietin will be dangerously high in the blood secondary to kidney over-secretion of this hormone.<\/p>\n d.the etiology of the eventual kidney failure is most likely the high amounts of myoglobin that overwhelm the kidneys\u2019 ability to process it.<\/p>\n 23.After many months the patient finally has recovered enough to be able to get up and have some physical therapy.What change of the musculature will the therapist have to deal with in the injured leg (besides loss of a foot)?<\/p>\n a.Presence of decubiti because of scarring.<\/p>\n b.Muscle cell shrinkage called atrophy.<\/p>\n d.Increase in numbers of muscle cells, called hyperplasia<\/p>\n e.Hypertrophy of the striated muscle cells.<\/p>\n 24.Which answer correctly links the picture below with its name AND an example?<\/p>\n a.D = dysplasia.Example:pre-cancerous cells on a biopsy.<\/p>\n b.C = hypertrophy.Example: the heart undergoes hypertrophy when stressed. <\/p>\n c.E = cancer cells.Example:increased cellular differentiation of the skin after sun exposure.<\/p>\n d.B = hyperplasia.Example: BPH\u2014benign prostatic hyperplasia.<\/p>\n \n\n\n| \n Tissue cells <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n Normal<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n A.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n B.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n C.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n D.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n E.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n 25.A patient that has been recently diagnosed with a neuroma on the sole of his foot is very anxious.Of the following, which information shows that the nurse understands the nomenclature of neoplasms when explaining the situation to the patient?<\/p>\n a.\u201cYou should have the neuroma removed, as this is a cancer that will spread to other parts of the body.\u201d<\/p>\n b.\u201cThis is most likely a malignancy that will metastasize to your lymph nodes.\u201d<\/p>\n c.\u201cNeuromas are benign growths that usually will not spread.\u201d<\/p>\n d.\u201cYou will soon have the irresistible urge to put on tap shoes and dance in a Broadway musical.\u201d<\/p>\n 26.A family nurse practitioner (FNP) tells a patient that her biopsy shows leiomyosarcoma staged at T2N2M0. This patient has a<\/p>\n a.benign tumor of the endometrium.<\/p>\n b.smooth muscle malignancy that has spread to the lymph nodes.<\/p>\n c.a malignancy of the uterus that has spread to distant sites.<\/p>\n d.muscle cell tumor that is a carcinoma.<\/p>\n 27.Which mini-concept map has correct linkage in describing cancer genesis?<\/p>\n a.angiogenesis\u00e0cachexia\u00e0lack of nutrition\u00e0cellular starvation\u00e0cancerous changes<\/p>\n b.growth factor signals\u00e0increased cellular differentiation\u00e0anaplasia\u00e0cancer.<\/p>\n c.oncogene\u00e0clonal proliferation\u00e0increased cellular differentiation\u00e0cancer.<\/p>\n d.oncogene\u00e0clonal proliferation\u00e0anaplasia\u00e0cancer cells.<\/p>\n 28.A 59 year old man is diagnosed with CML\u2014chronic myelocytic leukemia.All of the following help to explain the genetic etiology of the CML EXCEPT<\/u><\/i><\/strong> <\/p>\na.a chromosomal structural defect called translocation occurs.<\/p>\n b.pieces of two chromosomes are exchanged.<\/p>\n c.a chromosomal aneuploidy defect called translocation occurs.<\/p>\n d.a short, defective chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome develops.<\/p>\n 29.Link CML etiology with its S&S:<\/p>\n a.Genes on a defective chromosome malfunction and code for extreme leukocytosis.<\/p>\n b.Myelocytic leukocytes attack cells in the blood and cause changes known as The Philadelphia Story. <\/p>\n c.A genetic defect causes cancerous changes in the blood vessels, producing hemangiosarcomas. <\/p>\n d.Genes on an extra chromosome malfunction and cause defects in leukocyte development, resulting in leukopenia. <\/p>\n 30.All of the linkages below are correct EXCEPT <\/u><\/i><\/strong><\/p>\na.cancer-related angiogenesis leaches nutrition from our cells\u00e0 cachexia, weakness.<\/p>\n b.cancer injures prostate cells\u00e0 release into blood of high levels of a tumor marker called PSA (prostate-specific antigen)<\/p>\n c.ingestion of foods high in preservatives\u00e0 increase genetic \u201chits\u201d\u00e0 increased risk of cancer.<\/p>\n d.age-related wear and tear of cells\u00e0 increased risk of cancerous lesions such as lipomas<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" ***Please find attached the assignment if this is not clear enough. Thank you. Please note that both PART 1 and II are to be submitted together as one assignment. PART I Questions 1 & 2 below refer to the following situation: A 55-year-old man with emphysema (a type of chronic lung disease) who has smoked […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_joinchat":[]},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275287"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275287"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275287\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275287"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qualityassignments.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |
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